DAST API analyzer (ULTIMATE ALL)

DAST API analyzer became the default analyzer for on-demand DAST API scans in GitLab 15.6.

Perform Dynamic Application Security Testing (DAST) of web APIs to help discover bugs and potential security issues that other QA processes may miss. Use DAST API tests in addition to other GitLab Secure security scanners and your own test processes. You can run DAST API tests either as part your CI/CD workflow, on-demand, or both.

WARNING: Do not run DAST API testing against a production server. Not only can it perform any function that the API can, it may also trigger bugs in the API. This includes actions like modifying and deleting data. Only run DAST API against a test server.

DAST API can test the following web API types:

• REST API
• SOAP
• GraphQL
• Form bodies, JSON, or XML

When DAST API scans run

When run in your CI/CD pipeline, DAST API scanning runs in the dast stage by default. To ensure DAST API scanning examines the latest code, ensure your CI/CD pipeline deploys changes to a test environment in a stage before the dast stage.

If your pipeline is configured to deploy to the same web server on each run, running a pipeline while another is still running could cause a race condition in which one pipeline overwrites the code from another. The API to be scanned should be excluded from changes for the duration of a DAST API scan. The only changes to the API should be from the DAST API scanner. Changes made to the API (for example, by users, scheduled tasks, database changes, code changes, other pipelines, or other scanners) during a scan could cause inaccurate results.

Example DAST API scanning configurations

The following projects demonstrate DAST API scanning:

• Example OpenAPI v2 Specification project
• Example HTTP Archive (HAR) project
• Example Postman Collection project
• Example GraphQL project
• Example SOAP project
• Authentication Token using Selenium

Targeting API for DAST scanning

You can specify the API you want to scan by using:

• OpenAPI v2 or v3 Specification
• GraphQL Schema
• HTTP Archive (HAR)
• Postman Collection v2.0 or v2.1

OpenAPI Specification

• Support for OpenAPI Specification using YAML format was introduced in GitLab 14.0.
• Support to generate media type application/xml was introduced in GitLab 14.8.
• Support to media types was introduced in GitLab 14.10.

The OpenAPI Specification (formerly the Swagger Specification) is an API description format for REST APIs. This section shows you how to configure DAST API scanning using an OpenAPI Specification to provide information about the target API to test. OpenAPI Specifications are provided as a file system resource or URL. Both JSON and YAML OpenAPI formats are supported.

DAST API uses an OpenAPI document to generate the request body. When a request body is required, the body generation is limited to these body types:

• application/x-www-form-urlencoded
• multipart/form-data
• application/json
• application/xml

OpenAPI and media types

A media type (formerly known as MIME type) is an identifier for file formats and format contents transmitted. A OpenAPI document lets you specify that a given operation can accept different media types, hence a given request can send data using different file content. As for example, a PUT /user operation to update user data could accept data in either XML (media type application/xml) or JSON (media type application/json) format. OpenAPI 2.x lets you specify the accepted media types globally or per operation, and OpenAPI 3.x lets you specify the accepted media types per operation. DAST API will check the listed media types, and try to produce sample data for each supported media type.

• In GitLab 14.10 and later, the default behavior is to select one of the supported media types to use. The first supported media type is chosen from the list. This behavior is configurable.
• In GitLab 14.9 and earlier, the default behavior is to perform testing using all supported media types. This means if two media types are listed (for example, application/json and application/xml), testing are performed using JSON, and then the same tests using XML.

Testing the same operation (for example, POST /user) using different media types (for example, application/json and application/xml) is not always desirable. For example, if the target application executes the same code regardless of the request content type, it will take longer to finish the test session, and it may report duplicated vulnerabilities related to the request body depending on the target app.

The environment variable DAST_API_OPENAPI_ALL_MEDIA_TYPES lets you specify whether or not to use all supported media types instead of one when generating requests for a given operation. When the environment variable DAST_API_OPENAPI_ALL_MEDIA_TYPES is set to any value, DAST API tries to generate requests for all supported media types instead of one in a given operation. This will cause testing to take longer as testing is repeated for each provided media type.

Alternatively, the variable DAST_API_OPENAPI_MEDIA_TYPES is used to provide a list of media types that will each be tested. Providing more than one media type causes testing to take longer, as testing is performed for each media type selected. When the environment variable DAST_API_OPENAPI_MEDIA_TYPES is set to a list of media types, only the listed media types are included when creating requests.

Multiple media types in DAST_API_OPENAPI_MEDIA_TYPES are separated by a colon (:). For example, to limit request generation to the media types application/x-www-form-urlencoded and multipart/form-data, set the environment variable DAST_API_OPENAPI_MEDIA_TYPES to application/x-www-form-urlencoded:multipart/form-data. Only supported media types in this list are included when creating requests, though non-supported media types are always skipped. A media type text may contain different sections. For example, application/vnd.api+json; charset=UTF-8, is a compound of type "/" [tree "."] subtype ["+" suffix]* [";" parameter]. Parameters are not taken into account when performing the filtering media types on request generation.

The environment variables DAST_API_OPENAPI_ALL_MEDIA_TYPES and DAST_API_OPENAPI_MEDIA_TYPES allow you to decide how to handle media types. These settings are mutually exclusive. If both are enabled, DAST API reports an error.

Configure DAST API with an OpenAPI Specification

To configure DAST API scanning with an OpenAPI Specification:

1. Include the DAST-API.gitlab-ci.yml template in your .gitlab-ci.yml file.

2. The configuration file has several testing profiles defined with different checks enabled. We recommend that you start with the Quick profile. Testing with this profile completes faster, allowing for easier configuration validation. Provide the profile by adding the DAST_API_PROFILE CI/CD variable to your .gitlab-ci.yml file.

3. Provide the location of the OpenAPI Specification as either a file or URL. Specify the location by adding the DAST_API_OPENAPI variable.

4. The target API instance's base URL is also required. Provide it by using the DAST_API_TARGET_URL variable or an environment_url.txt file.

   Adding the URL in an environment_url.txt file at your project's root is great for testing in dynamic environments. To run DAST API against an app dynamically created during a GitLab CI/CD pipeline, have the app persist its URL in an environment_url.txt file. DAST API automatically parses that file to find its scan target. You can see an example of this in our Auto DevOps CI YAML.

Complete example configuration of using an OpenAPI Specification:

stages:
  - dast

include:
  - template: DAST-API.gitlab-ci.yml

variables:
  DAST_API_PROFILE: Quick
  DAST_API_OPENAPI: test-api-specification.json
  DAST_API_TARGET_URL: http://test-deployment/

This is a minimal configuration for DAST API. From here you can:

• Run your first scan.
• Add authentication.
• Learn how to handle false positives.

HTTP Archive (HAR)

The HTTP Archive format (HAR) is an archive file format for logging HTTP transactions. When used with the GitLab DAST API scanner, the HAR file must contain records of calling the web API to test. The DAST API scanner extracts all of the requests and uses them to perform testing.

You can use various tools to generate HAR files:

• Insomnia Core: API client
• Chrome: Browser
• Firefox: Browser
• Fiddler: Web debugging proxy
• GitLab HAR Recorder: Command line

WARNING: HAR files may contain sensitive information such as authentication tokens, API keys, and session cookies. We recommend that you review the HAR file contents before adding them to a repository.

DAST API scanning with a HAR file

To configure DAST API to use a HAR file that provides information about the target API to test:

1. Include the DAST-API.gitlab-ci.yml template in your .gitlab-ci.yml file.

2. The configuration file has several testing profiles defined with different checks enabled. We recommend that you start with the Quick profile. Testing with this profile completes faster, allowing for easier configuration validation.

   Provide the profile by adding the DAST_API_PROFILE CI/CD variable to your .gitlab-ci.yml file.

3. Provide the location of the HAR file. You can provide the location as a file path or URL. URL support was introduced in GitLab 13.10 and later. Specify the location by adding the DAST_API_HAR variable.

4. The target API instance's base URL is also required. Provide it by using the DAST_API_TARGET_URL variable or an environment_url.txt file.

   Adding the URL in an environment_url.txt file at your project's root is great for testing in dynamic environments. To run DAST API against an app dynamically created during a GitLab CI/CD pipeline, have the app persist its URL in an environment_url.txt file. DAST API automatically parses that file to find its scan target. You can see an example of this in our Auto DevOps CI YAML.

Complete example configuration of using an HAR file:

stages:
  - dast

include:
  - template: DAST-API.gitlab-ci.yml

variables:
  DAST_API_PROFILE: Quick
  DAST_API_HAR: test-api-recording.har
  DAST_API_TARGET_URL: http://test-deployment/

This example is a minimal configuration for DAST API. From here you can:

• Run your first scan.
• Add authentication.
• Learn how to handle false positives.

GraphQL Schema

Support for GraphQL Schema was introduced in GitLab 15.4.

GraphQL is a query language for your API and an alternative to REST APIs. DAST API supports testing GraphQL endpoints multiple ways:

• Test using the GraphQL Schema. Introduced in GitLab 15.4.
• Test using a recording (HAR) of GraphQL queries.
• Test using a Postman Collection containing GraphQL queries.

This section documents how to test using a GraphQL schema. The GraphQL schema support in DAST API is able to query the schema from endpoints that support introspection. Introspection is enabled by default to allow tools like GraphiQL to work. For details on how to enable introspection, see your GraphQL framework documentation.

DAST API scanning with a GraphQL endpoint URL

The GraphQL support in DAST API is able to query a GraphQL endpoint for the schema.

NOTE: The GraphQL endpoint must support introspection queries for this method to work correctly.

To configure DAST API to use a GraphQL endpoint URL that provides information about the target API to test:

1. Include the DAST-API.gitlab-ci.yml template in your .gitlab-ci.yml file.

2. Provide the path to the GraphQL endpoint, for example /api/graphql. Specify the location by adding the DAST_API_GRAPHQL variable.

3. The target API instance's base URL is also required. Provide it by using the DAST_API_TARGET_URL variable or an environment_url.txt file.

   Adding the URL in an environment_url.txt file at your project's root is great for testing in dynamic environments. See the dynamic environment solutions section of our documentation for more information.

Complete example configuration of using a GraphQL endpoint path:

stages:
  - dast

include:
  - template: DAST-API.gitlab-ci.yml

dast_api:
  variables:
    DAST_API_GRAPHQL: /api/graphql
    DAST_API_TARGET_URL: http://test-deployment/

This example is a minimal configuration for DAST API. From here you can:

• Run your first scan.
• Add authentication.
• Learn how to handle false positives.

DAST API scanning with a GraphQL Schema file

DAST API can use a GraphQL schema file to understand and test a GraphQL endpoint that has introspection disabled. To use a GraphQL schema file, it must be in the introspection JSON format. A GraphQL schema can be converted to a the introspection JSON format using an online 3rd party tool: https://transform.tools/graphql-to-introspection-json.

To configure DAST API to use a GraphQL schema file that provides information about the target API to test:

1. Include the DAST-API.gitlab-ci.yml template in your .gitlab-ci.yml file.

2. Provide the GraphQL endpoint path, for example /api/graphql. Specify the path by adding the DAST_API_GRAPHQL variable.

3. Provide the location of the GraphQL schema file. You can provide the location as a file path or URL. Specify the location by adding the DAST_API_GRAPHQL_SCHEMA variable.

4. The target API instance's base URL is also required. Provide it by using the DAST_API_TARGET_URL variable or an environment_url.txt file.

   Adding the URL in an environment_url.txt file at your project's root is great for testing in dynamic environments. See the dynamic environment solutions section of our documentation for more information.

Complete example configuration of using an GraphQL schema file:

stages:
  - dast

include:
  - template: DAST-API.gitlab-ci.yml

dast_api:
  variables:
    DAST_API_GRAPHQL: /api/graphql
    DAST_API_GRAPHQL_SCHEMA: test-api-graphql.schema
    DAST_API_TARGET_URL: http://test-deployment/

Complete example configuration of using an GraphQL schema file URL:

stages:
  - dast

include:
  - template: DAST-API.gitlab-ci.yml

dast_api:
  variables:
    DAST_API_GRAPHQL: /api/graphql
    DAST_API_GRAPHQL_SCHEMA: http://file-store/files/test-api-graphql.schema
    DAST_API_TARGET_URL: http://test-deployment/

This example is a minimal configuration for DAST API. From here you can:

• Run your first scan.
• Add authentication.
• Learn how to handle false positives.

Postman Collection

The Postman API Client is a popular tool that developers and testers use to call various types of APIs. The API definitions can be exported as a Postman Collection file for use with DAST API. When exporting, make sure to select a supported version of Postman Collection: v2.0 or v2.1.

When used with the GitLab DAST API scanner, Postman Collections must contain definitions of the web API to test with valid data. The DAST API scanner extracts all the API definitions and uses them to perform testing.

WARNING: Postman Collection files may contain sensitive information such as authentication tokens, API keys, and session cookies. We recommend that you review the Postman Collection file contents before adding them to a repository.

DAST API scanning with a Postman Collection file

To configure DAST API to use a Postman Collection file that provides information about the target API to test:

1. Include the DAST-API.gitlab-ci.yml template.

2. The configuration file has several testing profiles defined with different checks enabled. We recommend that you start with the Quick profile. Testing with this profile completes faster, allowing for easier configuration validation.

   Provide the profile by adding the DAST_API_PROFILE CI/CD variable to your .gitlab-ci.yml file.

3. Provide the location of the Postman Collection file as either a file or URL. Specify the location by adding the DAST_API_POSTMAN_COLLECTION variable.

4. The target API instance's base URL is also required. Provide it by using the DAST_API_TARGET_URL variable or an environment_url.txt file.

   Adding the URL in an environment_url.txt file at your project's root is great for testing in dynamic environments. To run DAST API against an app dynamically created during a GitLab CI/CD pipeline, have the app persist its URL in an environment_url.txt file. DAST API automatically parses that file to find its scan target. You can see an example of this in our Auto DevOps CI YAML.

Complete example configuration of using a Postman collection:

stages:
  - dast

include:
  - template: DAST-API.gitlab-ci.yml

variables:
  DAST_API_PROFILE: Quick
  DAST_API_POSTMAN_COLLECTION: postman-collection_serviceA.json
  DAST_API_TARGET_URL: http://test-deployment/

This is a minimal configuration for DAST API. From here you can:

• Run your first scan.
• Add authentication.
• Learn how to handle false positives.

Postman variables

• Support for Postman Environment file format was introduced in GitLab 15.1.
• Support for multiple variable files was introduced in GitLab 15.1.
• Support for Postman variable scopes: Global and Environment was introduced in GitLab 15.1.

Variables in Postman Client

Postman allows the developer to define placeholders that can be used in different parts of the requests. These placeholders are called variables, as explained in using variables. You can use variables to store and reuse values in your requests and scripts. For example, you can edit the collection to add variables to the document:

Or alternatively, you can add variables in an environment:

You can then use the variables in sections such as URL, headers, and others:

Postman has grown from a basic client tool with a nice UX experience to a more complex ecosystem that allows testing APIs with scripts, creating complex collections that trigger secondary requests, and setting variables along the way. Not every feature in the Postman ecosystem is supported. For example, scripts are not supported. The main focus of the Postman support is to ingest Postman Collection definitions that are used by the Postman Client and their related variables defined in the workspace, environments, and the collections themselves.

Postman allows creating variables in different scopes. Each scope has a different level of visibility in the Postman tools. For example, you can create a variable in a global environment scope that is seen by every operation definition and workspace. You can also create a variable in a specific environment scope that is only visible and used when that specific environment is selected for use. Some scopes are not always available, for example in the Postman ecosystem you can create requests in the Postman Client, these requests do not have a local scope, but test scripts do.

Variable scopes in Postman can be a daunting topic and not everyone is familiar with it. We strongly recommend that you read Variable Scopes from Postman documentation before moving forward.

As mentioned above, there are different variable scopes, and each of them has a purpose and can be used to provide more flexibility to your Postman document. There is an important note on how values for variables are computed, as per Postman documentation:

If a variable with the same name is declared in two different scopes, the value stored in the variable with narrowest scope is used. For example, if there is a global variable named username and a local variable named username, the local value is used when the request runs.

The following is a summary of the variable scopes supported by the Postman Client and DAST API:

• Global Environment (Global) scope is a special pre-defined environment that is available throughout a workspace. We can also refer to the global environment scope as the global scope. The Postman Client allows exporting the global environment into a JSON file, which can be used with DAST API.
• Environment scope is a named group of variables created by a user in the Postman Client. The Postman Client supports a single active environment along with the global environment. The variables defined in an active user-created environment take precedence over variables defined in the global environment. The Postman Client allows exporting your environment into a JSON file, which can be used with DAST API.
• Collection scope is a group of variables declared in a given collection. The collection variables are available to the collection where they have been declared and the nested requests or collections. Variables defined in the collection scope take precedence over the global environment scope and also the environment scope. The Postman Client can export one or more collections into a JSON file, this JSON file contains selected collections, requests, and collection variables.
• DAST API Scope is a new scope added by DAST API to allow users to provide extra variables, or override variables defined in other supported scopes. This scope is not supported by Postman. The DAST API Scope variables are provided using a custom JSON file format.
  • Override values defined in the environment or collection
  • Defining variables from scripts
  • Define a single row of data from the unsupported data scope
• Data scope is a group of variables in which their name and values come from JSON or CSV files. A Postman collection runner like Newman or Postman Collection Runner executes the requests in a collection as many times as entries have the JSON or CSV file. A good use case for these variables is to automate tests using scripts in Postman. DAST API does not support reading data from a CSV or JSON file.
• Local scope are variables that are defined in Postman scripts. DAST API does not support Postman scripts and by extension, variables defined in scripts. You can still provide values for the script-defined variables by defining them in one of the supported scopes, or our custom JSON format.

Not all scopes are supported by DAST API and variables defined in scripts are not supported. The following table is sorted by broadest scope to narrowest scope.

For more details on how to define variables and export variables in different scopes, see:

• Defining collection variables
• Defining environment variables
• Defining global variables

Exporting from Postman Client

The Postman Client lets you export different file formats, for instance, you can export a Postman collection or a Postman environment. The exported environment can be the global environment (which is always available) or can be any custom environment you previously have created. When you export a Postman Collection, it may contain only declarations for collection and local scoped variables; environment scoped variables are not included.

To get the declaration for environment scoped variables, you have to export a given environment at the time. Each exported file only includes variables from the selected environment.

For more details on exporting variables in different supported scopes, see:

• Exporting collections
• Exporting environments
• Downloading global environments

DAST API Scope, custom JSON file format

Our custom JSON file format is a JSON object where each object property represents a variable name and the property value represents the variable value. This file can be created using your favorite text editor, or it can be produced by an earlier job in your pipeline.

This example defines two variables base_url and token in the DAST API scope:

{
  "base_url": "http://127.0.0.1/",
  "token": "Token 84816165151"
}

Using scopes with DAST API

The scopes: global, environment, collection, and GitLab DAST API are supported in GitLab 15.1 and later. GitLab 15.0 and earlier, supports only the collection, and GitLab DAST API scopes.

The following table provides a quick reference for mapping scope files/URLs to DAST API configuration variables:

The Postman Collection document automatically includes any collection scoped variables. The Postman Collection is provided with the configuration variable DAST_API_POSTMAN_COLLECTION. This variable can be set to a single exported Postman collection.

Variables from other scopes are provided through the DAST_API_POSTMAN_COLLECTION_VARIABLES configuration variable. The configuration variable supports a comma (,) delimited file list in GitLab 15.1 and later. GitLab 15.0 and earlier, supports only one single file. The order of the files provided is not important as the files provide the needed scope information.

The configuration variable DAST_API_POSTMAN_COLLECTION_VARIABLES can be set to:

• Exported Global environment
• Exported environments
• DAST API Custom JSON format

Undefined Postman variables

There is a chance that DAST API engine does not find all variables references that your Postman collection file is using. Some cases can be:

• You are using data or local scoped variables, and as stated previously these scopes are not supported by DAST API. Thus, assuming the values for these variables have not been provided through the DAST API scope, then the values of the data and local scoped variables are undefined.
• A variable name was typed incorrectly, and the name does not match the defined variable.
• Postman Client supports a new dynamic variable that is not supported by DAST API.

When possible, DAST API follows the same behavior as the Postman Client does when dealing with undefined variables. The text of the variable reference remains the same, and there is no text substitution. The same behavior also applies to any unsupported dynamic variables.

For example, if a request definition in the Postman Collection references the variable {{full_url}} and the variable is not found it is left unchanged with the value {{full_url}}.

Dynamic Postman variables

In addition to variables that a user can define at various scope levels, Postman has a set of pre-defined variables called dynamic variables. The dynamic variables are already defined and their name is prefixed with a dollar sign ($), for instance, $guid. Dynamic variables can be used like any other variable, and in the Postman Client, they produce random values during the request/collection run.

An important difference between DAST API and Postman is that DAST API returns the same value for each usage of the same dynamic variables. This differs from the Postman Client behavior which returns a random value on each use of the same dynamic variable. In other words, DAST API uses static values for dynamic variables while Postman uses random values.

The supported dynamic variables during the scanning process are:

Example: Global Scope

In this example, the global scope is exported from the Postman Client as global-scope.json and provided to DAST API through the DAST_API_POSTMAN_COLLECTION_VARIABLES configuration variable.

Here is an example of using DAST_API_POSTMAN_COLLECTION_VARIABLES:

stages:
  - dast

include:
  - template: DAST-API.gitlab-ci.yml

variables:
  DAST_API_PROFILE: Quick
  DAST_API_POSTMAN_COLLECTION: postman-collection.json
  DAST_API_POSTMAN_COLLECTION_VARIABLES: global-scope.json
  DAST_API_TARGET_URL: http://test-deployment/

Example: Environment Scope

In this example, the environment scope is exported from the Postman Client as environment-scope.json and provided to DAST API through the DAST_API_POSTMAN_COLLECTION_VARIABLES configuration variable.

Here is an example of using DAST_API_POSTMAN_COLLECTION_VARIABLES:

stages:
  - dast

include:
  - template: DAST-API.gitlab-ci.yml

variables:
  DAST_API_PROFILE: Quick
  DAST_API_POSTMAN_COLLECTION: postman-collection.json
  DAST_API_POSTMAN_COLLECTION_VARIABLES: environment-scope.json
  DAST_API_TARGET_URL: http://test-deployment/

Example: Collection Scope

The collection scope variables are included in the exported Postman Collection file and provided through the DAST_API_POSTMAN_COLLECTION configuration variable.

Here is an example of using DAST_API_POSTMAN_COLLECTION:

stages:
  - dast

include:
  - template: DAST-API.gitlab-ci.yml

variables:
  DAST_API_PROFILE: Quick
  DAST_API_POSTMAN_COLLECTION: postman-collection.json
  DAST_API_TARGET_URL: http://test-deployment/

Example: DAST API Scope

The DAST API Scope is used for two main purposes, defining data and local scope variables that are not supported by DAST API, and changing the value of an existing variable defined in another scope. The DAST API Scope is provided through the DAST_API_POSTMAN_COLLECTION_VARIABLES configuration variable.

Here is an example of using DAST_API_POSTMAN_COLLECTION_VARIABLES:

stages:
  - dast

include:
  - template: DAST-API.gitlab-ci.yml

variables:
  DAST_API_PROFILE: Quick
  DAST_API_POSTMAN_COLLECTION: postman-collection.json
  DAST_API_POSTMAN_COLLECTION_VARIABLES: dast-api-scope.json
  DAST_API_TARGET_URL: http://test-deployment/

The file dast-api-scope.json uses our custom JSON file format. This JSON is an object with key-value pairs for properties. The keys are the variables' names, and the values are the variables' values. For example:

{
  "base_url": "http://127.0.0.1/",
  "token": "Token 84816165151"
}

Example: Multiple Scopes

In this example, a global scope, environment scope, and collection scope are configured. The first step is to export our various scopes.

• Export the global scope as global-scope.json
• Export the environment scope as environment-scope.json
• Export the Postman Collection which includes the collection scope as postman-collection.json

The Postman Collection is provided using the DAST_API_POSTMAN_COLLECTION variable, while the other scopes are provided using the DAST_API_POSTMAN_COLLECTION_VARIABLES. DAST API can identify which scope the provided files match using data provided in each file.

stages:
  - dast

include:
  - template: DAST-API.gitlab-ci.yml

variables:
  DAST_API_PROFILE: Quick
  DAST_API_POSTMAN_COLLECTION: postman-collection.json
  DAST_API_POSTMAN_COLLECTION_VARIABLES: global-scope.json,environment-scope.json
  DAST_API_TARGET_URL: http://test-deployment/

Example: Changing a Variables Value

When using exported scopes, it's often the case that the value of a variable must be changed for use with DAST API. For example, a collection scoped variable might contain a variable named api_version with a value of v2, while your test needs a value of v1. Instead of modifying the exported collection to change the value, the DAST API scope can be used to change its value. This works because the DAST API scope takes precedence over all other scopes.

The collection scope variables are included in the exported Postman Collection file and provided through the DAST_API_POSTMAN_COLLECTION configuration variable.

The DAST API Scope is provided through the DAST_API_POSTMAN_COLLECTION_VARIABLES configuration variable, but first, we must create the file. The file dast-api-scope.json uses our custom JSON file format. This JSON is an object with key-value pairs for properties. The keys are the variables' names, and the values are the variables' values. For example:

{
  "api_version": "v1"
}

Our CI definition:

stages:
  - dast

include:
  - template: DAST-API.gitlab-ci.yml

variables:
  DAST_API_PROFILE: Quick
  DAST_API_POSTMAN_COLLECTION: postman-collection.json
  DAST_API_POSTMAN_COLLECTION_VARIABLES: dast-api-scope.json
  DAST_API_TARGET_URL: http://test-deployment/

Example: Changing a Variables Value with Multiple Scopes

When using exported scopes, it's often the case that the value of a variable must be changed for use with DAST API. For example, an environment scope might contain a variable named api_version with a value of v2, while your test needs a value of v1. Instead of modifying the exported file to change the value, the DAST API scope can be used. This works because the DAST API scope takes precedence over all other scopes.

In this example, a global scope, environment scope, collection scope, and DAST API scope are configured. The first step is to export and create our various scopes.

• Export the global scope as global-scope.json
• Export the environment scope as environment-scope.json
• Export the Postman Collection which includes the collection scope as postman-collection.json

The DAST API scope is used by creating a file dast-api-scope.json using our custom JSON file format. This JSON is an object with key-value pairs for properties. The keys are the variables' names, and the values are the variables' values. For example:

{
  "api_version": "v1"
}

The Postman Collection is provided using the DAST_API_POSTMAN_COLLECTION variable, while the other scopes are provided using the DAST_API_POSTMAN_COLLECTION_VARIABLES. DAST API can identify which scope the provided files match using data provided in each file.

stages:
  - dast

include:
  - template: DAST-API.gitlab-ci.yml

variables:
  DAST_API_PROFILE: Quick
  DAST_API_POSTMAN_COLLECTION: postman-collection.json
  DAST_API_POSTMAN_COLLECTION_VARIABLES: global-scope.json,environment-scope.json,dast-api-scope.json
  DAST_API_TARGET_URL: http://test-deployment/

Authentication

Authentication is handled by providing the authentication token as a header or cookie. You can provide a script that performs an authentication flow or calculates the token.

HTTP Basic Authentication

HTTP basic authentication is an authentication method built into the HTTP protocol and used in conjunction with transport layer security (TLS).

We recommended that you create a CI/CD variable for the password (for example, TEST_API_PASSWORD), and set it to be masked. You can create CI/CD variables from the GitLab project's page at Settings > CI/CD, in the Variables section. Because of the limitations on masked variables, you should Base64-encode the password before adding it as a variable.

Finally, add two CI/CD variables to your .gitlab-ci.yml file:

• DAST_API_HTTP_USERNAME: The username for authentication.
• DAST_API_HTTP_PASSWORD_BASE64: The Base64-encoded password for authentication.

stages:
  - dast

include:
  - template: DAST-API.gitlab-ci.yml

variables:
  DAST_API_PROFILE: Quick
  DAST_API_HAR: test-api-recording.har
  DAST_API_TARGET_URL: http://test-deployment/
  DAST_API_HTTP_USERNAME: testuser
  DAST_API_HTTP_PASSWORD_BASE64: $TEST_API_PASSWORD

Raw password

If you do not want to Base64-encode the password (or if you are using GitLab 15.3 or earlier) you can provide the raw password DAST_API_HTTP_PASSWORD, instead of using DAST_API_HTTP_PASSWORD_BASE64.

Bearer tokens

Bearer tokens are used by several different authentication mechanisms, including OAuth2 and JSON Web Tokens (JWT). Bearer tokens are transmitted using the Authorization HTTP header. To use Bearer tokens with DAST API, you need one of the following:

• A token that doesn't expire.
• A way to generate a token that lasts the length of testing.
• A Python script that DAST API can call to generate the token.

Token doesn't expire

If the Bearer token doesn't expire, use the DAST_API_OVERRIDES_ENV variable to provide it. This variable's content is a JSON snippet that provides headers and cookies to add to DAST API's outgoing HTTP requests.

Follow these steps to provide the Bearer token with DAST_API_OVERRIDES_ENV:

1. Create a CI/CD variable, for example TEST_API_BEARERAUTH, with the value {"headers":{"Authorization":"Bearer dXNlcm5hbWU6cGFzc3dvcmQ="}} (substitute your token). You can create CI/CD variables from the GitLab projects page at Settings > CI/CD, in the Variables section. Due to the format of TEST_API_BEARERAUTH it's not possible to mask the variable. To mask the token's value, you can create a second variable with the token values, and define TEST_API_BEARERAUTH with the value {"headers":{"Authorization":"Bearer $MASKED_VARIABLE"}}.

2. In your .gitlab-ci.yml file, set DAST_API_OVERRIDES_ENV to the variable you just created:

   stages:
     - dast
   
   include:
     - template: DAST-API.gitlab-ci.yml
   
   variables:
     DAST_API_PROFILE: Quick
     DAST_API_OPENAPI: test-api-specification.json
     DAST_API_TARGET_URL: http://test-deployment/
     DAST_API_OVERRIDES_ENV: $TEST_API_BEARERAUTH

3. To validate that authentication is working, run a DAST API test and review the job logs and the test API's application logs.

Token generated at test runtime

If the Bearer token must be generated and doesn't expire during testing, you can provide DAST API with a file that has the token. A prior stage and job, or part of the DAST API job, can generate this file.

DAST API expects to receive a JSON file with the following structure:

{
  "headers" : {
    "Authorization" : "Bearer dXNlcm5hbWU6cGFzc3dvcmQ="
  }
}

This file can be generated by a prior stage and provided to DAST API through the DAST_API_OVERRIDES_FILE CI/CD variable.

Set DAST_API_OVERRIDES_FILE in your .gitlab-ci.yml file:

stages:
  - dast

include:
  - template: DAST-API.gitlab-ci.yml

variables:
  DAST_API_PROFILE: Quick
  DAST_API_OPENAPI: test-api-specification.json
  DAST_API_TARGET_URL: http://test-deployment/
  DAST_API_OVERRIDES_FILE: dast-api-overrides.json

To validate that authentication is working, run a DAST API test and review the job logs and the test API's application logs.

Token has short expiration

If the Bearer token must be generated and expires prior to the scan's completion, you can provide a program or script for the DAST API scanner to execute on a provided interval. The provided script runs in an Alpine Linux container that has Python 3 and Bash installed. If the Python script requires additional packages, it must detect this and install the packages at runtime.

The script must create a JSON file containing the Bearer token in a specific format:

{
  "headers" : {
    "Authorization" : "Bearer dXNlcm5hbWU6cGFzc3dvcmQ="
  }
}

You must provide three CI/CD variables, each set for correct operation:

• DAST_API_OVERRIDES_FILE: JSON file the provided command generates.
• DAST_API_OVERRIDES_CMD: Command that generates the JSON file.
• DAST_API_OVERRIDES_INTERVAL: Interval (in seconds) to run command.

For example:

stages:
  - dast

include:
  - template: DAST-API.gitlab-ci.yml

variables:
  DAST_API_PROFILE: Quick
  DAST_API_OPENAPI: test-api-specification.json
  DAST_API_TARGET_URL: http://test-deployment/
  DAST_API_OVERRIDES_FILE: dast-api-overrides.json
  DAST_API_OVERRIDES_CMD: renew_token.py
  DAST_API_OVERRIDES_INTERVAL: 300

To validate that authentication is working, run an DAST API test and review the job logs and the test API's application logs. See the overrides section for more information about override commands.

Configuration files

To get you started quickly, GitLab provides the configuration file gitlab-dast-api-config.yml. This file has several testing profiles that perform various numbers of tests. The run time of each profile increases as the test numbers go up. To use a configuration file, add it to your repository's root as .gitlab/gitlab-dast-api-config.yml.

Profiles

The following profiles are pre-defined in the default configuration file. Profiles can be added, removed, and modified by creating a custom configuration.

Passive

• Application Information Check
• Cleartext Authentication Check
• JSON Hijacking Check
• Sensitive Information Check
• Session Cookie Check

Quick

• Application Information Check
• Cleartext Authentication Check
• FrameworkDebugModeCheck
• HTML Injection Check
• Insecure Http Methods Check
• JSON Hijacking Check
• JSON Injection Check
• Sensitive Information Check
• Session Cookie Check
• SQL Injection Check
• Token Check
• XML Injection Check

Full

• Application Information Check
• Cleartext AuthenticationCheck
• CORS Check
• DNS Rebinding Check
• Framework Debug Mode Check
• HTML Injection Check
• Insecure Http Methods Check
• JSON Hijacking Check
• JSON Injection Check
• Open Redirect Check
• Sensitive File Check
• Sensitive Information Check
• Session Cookie Check
• SQL Injection Check
• TLS Configuration Check
• Token Check
• XML Injection Check

Available CI/CD variables

Overrides

DAST API provides a method to add or override specific items in your request, for example:

• Headers
• Cookies
• Query string
• Form data
• JSON nodes
• XML nodes

You can use this to inject semantic version headers, authentication, and so on. The authentication section includes examples of using overrides for that purpose.

Overrides use a JSON document, where each type of override is represented by a JSON object:

{
  "headers": {
    "header1": "value",
    "header2": "value"
  },
  "cookies": {
    "cookie1": "value",
    "cookie2": "value"
  },
  "query":      {
    "query-string1": "value",
    "query-string2": "value"
  },
  "body-form":  {
    "form-param1": "value",
    "form-param2": "value"
  },
  "body-json":  {
    "json-path1": "value",
    "json-path2": "value"
  },
  "body-xml" :  {
    "xpath1":    "value",
    "xpath2":    "value"
  }
}

Example of setting a single header:

{
  "headers": {
    "Authorization": "Bearer dXNlcm5hbWU6cGFzc3dvcmQ="
  }
}

Example of setting both a header and cookie:

{
  "headers": {
    "Authorization": "Bearer dXNlcm5hbWU6cGFzc3dvcmQ="
  },
  "cookies": {
    "flags": "677"
  }
}

Example usage for setting a body-form override:

{
  "body-form":  {
    "username": "john.doe"
  }
}

The override engine uses body-form when the request body has only form-data content.

Example usage for setting a body-json override:

{
  "body-json":  {
    "$.credentials.access-token": "iddqd!42.$"
  }
}

Each JSON property name in the object body-json is set to a JSON Path expression. The JSON Path expression $.credentials.access-token identifies the node to be overridden with the value iddqd!42.$. The override engine uses body-json when the request body has only JSON content.

For example, if the body is set to the following JSON:

{
    "credentials" : {
        "username" :"john.doe",
        "access-token" : "non-valid-password"
    }
}

It is changed to:

{
    "credentials" : {
        "username" :"john.doe",
        "access-token" : "iddqd!42.$"
    }
}

Here's an example for setting a body-xml override. The first entry overrides an XML attribute and the second entry overrides an XML element:

{
  "body-xml" :  {
    "/credentials/@isEnabled": "true",
    "/credentials/access-token/text()" : "iddqd!42.$"
  }
}

Each JSON property name in the object body-xml is set to an XPath v2 expression. The XPath expression /credentials/@isEnabled identifies the attribute node to override with the value true. The XPath expression /credentials/access-token/text() identifies the element node to override with the value iddqd!42.$. The override engine uses body-xml when the request body has only XML content.

For example, if the body is set to the following XML:

<credentials isEnabled="false">
  <username>john.doe</username>
  <access-token>non-valid-password</access-token>
</credentials>

It is changed to:

<credentials isEnabled="true">
  <username>john.doe</username>
  <access-token>iddqd!42.$</access-token>
</credentials>

You can provide this JSON document as a file or environment variable. You may also provide a command to generate the JSON document. The command can run at intervals to support values that expire.

Using a file

To provide the overrides JSON as a file, the DAST_API_OVERRIDES_FILE CI/CD variable is set. The path is relative to the job current working directory.

Here's an example .gitlab-ci.yml:

stages:
  - dast

include:
  - template: DAST-API.gitlab-ci.yml

variables:
  DAST_API_PROFILE: Quick
  DAST_API_OPENAPI: test-api-specification.json
  DAST_API_TARGET_URL: http://test-deployment/
  DAST_API_OVERRIDES_FILE: dast-api-overrides.json

Using a CI/CD variable

To provide the overrides JSON as a CI/CD variable, use the DAST_API_OVERRIDES_ENV variable. This allows you to place the JSON as variables that can be masked and protected.

In this example .gitlab-ci.yml, the DAST_API_OVERRIDES_ENV variable is set directly to the JSON:

stages:
  - dast

include:
  - template: DAST-API.gitlab-ci.yml

variables:
  DAST_API_PROFILE: Quick
  DAST_API_OPENAPI: test-api-specification.json
  DAST_API_TARGET_URL: http://test-deployment/
  DAST_API_OVERRIDES_ENV: '{"headers":{"X-API-Version":"2"}}'

In this example .gitlab-ci.yml, the SECRET_OVERRIDES variable provides the JSON. This is a group or instance level CI/CD variable defined in the UI:

stages:
  - dast

include:
  - template: DAST-API.gitlab-ci.yml

variables:
  DAST_API_PROFILE: Quick
  DAST_API_OPENAPI: test-api-specification.json
  DAST_API_TARGET_URL: http://test-deployment/
  DAST_API_OVERRIDES_ENV: $SECRET_OVERRIDES

Using a command

If the value must be generated or regenerated on expiration, you can provide a program or script for the DAST API scanner to execute on a specified interval. The provided command runs in an Alpine Linux container that has Python 3 and Bash installed.

You have to set the environment variable DAST_API_OVERRIDES_CMD to the program or script you would like to execute. The provided command creates the overrides JSON file as defined previously.

You might want to install other scripting runtimes like NodeJS or Ruby, or maybe you need to install a dependency for your overrides command. In this case, we recommend setting the DAST_API_PRE_SCRIPT to the file path of a script which provides those prerequisites. The script provided by DAST_API_PRE_SCRIPT is executed once, before the analyzer starts.

See the Alpine Linux package management page for information about installing Alpine Linux packages.

You must provide three CI/CD variables, each set for correct operation:

• DAST_API_OVERRIDES_FILE: File generated by the provided command.
• DAST_API_OVERRIDES_CMD: Overrides command in charge of generating the overrides JSON file periodically.
• DAST_API_OVERRIDES_INTERVAL: Interval in seconds to run command.

Optionally:

• DAST_API_PRE_SCRIPT: Script to install runtimes or dependencies before the scan starts.

WARNING: To execute scripts in Alpine Linux you must first use the command chmod to set the execution permission. For example, to set the execution permission of script.py for everyone, use the command: chmod a+x script.py. If needed, you can version your script.py with the execution permission already set.

stages:
  - dast

include:
  - template: DAST-API.gitlab-ci.yml

variables:
  DAST_API_PROFILE: Quick
  DAST_API_OPENAPI: test-api-specification.json
  DAST_API_TARGET_URL: http://test-deployment/
  DAST_API_OVERRIDES_FILE: dast-api-overrides.json
  DAST_API_OVERRIDES_CMD: renew_token.py
  DAST_API_OVERRIDES_INTERVAL: 300

Debugging overrides

Introduced in GitLab 14.8.

By default the output of the overrides command is hidden. If the overrides command returns a non zero exit code, the command is displayed as part of your job output. Optionally, you can set the variable DAST_API_OVERRIDES_CMD_VERBOSE to any value to display overrides command output as it is generated. This is useful when testing your overrides script, but should be disabled afterwards as it slows down testing.

It is also possible to write messages from your script to a log file that is collected when the job completes or fails. The log file must be created in a specific location and following a naming convention.

Adding some basic logging to your overrides script is useful in case the script fails unexpectedly during standard running of the job. The log file is automatically included as an artifact of the job, allowing you to download it after the job has finished.

Following our example, we provided renew_token.py in the environment variable DAST_API_OVERRIDES_CMD. Notice two things in the script:

• Log file is saved in the location indicated by the environmental variable CI_PROJECT_DIR.
• Log filename should match gl-*.log.

#!/usr/bin/env python

# Example of an overrides command

# Override commands can update the overrides json file
# with new values to be used.  This is a great way to
# update an authentication token that will expire
# during testing.

import logging
import json
import os
import requests
import backoff

# [1] Store log file in directory indicated by env var CI_PROJECT_DIR
working_directory = os.environ.get( 'CI_PROJECT_DIR')
overrides_file_name = os.environ.get('DAST_API_OVERRIDES_FILE', 'dast-api-overrides.json')
overrides_file_path = os.path.join(working_directory, overrides_file_name)

# [2] File name should match the pattern: gl-*.log
log_file_path = os.path.join(working_directory, 'gl-user-overrides.log')

# Set up logger
logging.basicConfig(filename=log_file_path, level=logging.DEBUG)

# Use `backoff` decorator to retry in case of transient errors.
@backoff.on_exception(backoff.expo,
                      (requests.exceptions.Timeout,
                       requests.exceptions.ConnectionError),
                       max_time=30)
def get_auth_response():
    authorization_url = 'https://authorization.service/api/get_api_token'
    return requests.get(
        f'{authorization_url}',
        auth=(os.environ.get('AUTH_USER'), os.environ.get('AUTH_PWD'))
    )

# In our example, access token is retrieved from a given endpoint
try:

    # Performs a http request, response sample:
    # { "Token" : "b5638ae7-6e77-4585-b035-7d9de2e3f6b3" }
    response = get_auth_response()

    # Check that the request is successful. may raise `requests.exceptions.HTTPError`
    response.raise_for_status()

    # Gets JSON data
    response_body = response.json()

# If needed specific exceptions can be caught
# requests.ConnectionError                  : A network connection error problem occurred
# requests.HTTPError                        : HTTP request returned an unsuccessful status code. [Response.raise_for_status()]
# requests.ConnectTimeout                   : The request timed out while trying to connect to the remote server
# requests.ReadTimeout                      : The server did not send any data in the allotted amount of time.
# requests.TooManyRedirects                 : The request exceeds the configured number of maximum redirections
# requests.exceptions.RequestException      : All exceptions that related to Requests
except json.JSONDecodeError as json_decode_error:
    # logs errors related decoding JSON response
    logging.error(f'Error, failed while decoding JSON response. Error message: {json_decode_error}')
    raise
except requests.exceptions.RequestException as requests_error:
    # logs  exceptions  related to `Requests`
    logging.error(f'Error, failed while performing HTTP request. Error message: {requests_error}')
    raise
except Exception as e:
    # logs any other error
    logging.error(f'Error, unknown error while retrieving access token. Error message: {e}')
    raise

# computes object that holds overrides file content.
# It uses data fetched from request
overrides_data = {
    "headers": {
        "Authorization": f"Token {response_body['Token']}"
    }
}

# log entry informing about the file override computation
logging.info("Creating overrides file: %s" % overrides_file_path)

# attempts to overwrite the file
try:
    if os.path.exists(overrides_file_path):
        os.unlink(overrides_file_path)

    # overwrites the file with our updated dictionary
    with open(overrides_file_path, "wb+") as fd:
        fd.write(json.dumps(overrides_data).encode('utf-8'))
except Exception as e:
    # logs any other error
    logging.error(f'Error, unknown error when overwriting file {overrides_file_path}. Error message: {e}')
    raise

# logs informing override has finished successfully
logging.info("Override file has been updated")

# end

In the overrides command example, the Python script depends on the backoff library. To make sure the library is installed before executing the Python script, the DAST_API_PRE_SCRIPT is set to a script that installs the dependencies of your overrides command. As for example, the following script user-pre-scan-set-up.sh

#!/bin/bash

# user-pre-scan-set-up.sh
# Ensures python dependencies are installed

echo "**** install python dependencies ****"

python3 -m ensurepip
pip3 install --no-cache --upgrade \
    pip \
    backoff

echo "**** python dependencies installed ****"

# end

You have to update your configuration to set the DAST_API_PRE_SCRIPT to our new user-pre-scan-set-up.sh script. For example:

stages:
  - dast

include:
  - template: DAST-API.gitlab-ci.yml

variables:
  DAST_API_PROFILE: Quick
  DAST_API_OPENAPI: test-api-specification.json
  DAST_API_TARGET_URL: http://test-deployment/
  DAST_API_PRE_SCRIPT: user-pre-scan-set-up.sh
  DAST_API_OVERRIDES_FILE: dast-api-overrides.json
  DAST_API_OVERRIDES_CMD: renew_token.py
  DAST_API_OVERRIDES_INTERVAL: 300

In the previous sample, you could use the script user-pre-scan-set-up.sh to also install new runtimes or applications that later on you could use in our overrides command.

Request Headers

The request headers feature lets you specify fixed values for the headers during the scan session. For example, you can use the configuration variable DAST_API_REQUEST_HEADERS to set a fixed value in the Cache-Control header. If the headers you need to set include sensitive values like the Authorization header, use the masked variable feature along with the variable DAST_API_REQUEST_HEADERS_BASE64.

If the Authorization header or any other header needs to get updated while the scan is in progress, consider using the overrides feature.

The variable DAST_API_REQUEST_HEADERS lets you specify a comma-separated (,) list of headers. These headers are included on each request that the scanner performs. Each header entry in the list consists of a name followed by a colon (:) and then by its value. Whitespace before the key or value is ignored. For example, to declare a header name Cache-Control with the value max-age=604800, the header entry is Cache-Control: max-age=604800. To use two headers, Cache-Control: max-age=604800 and Age: 100, set DAST_API_REQUEST_HEADERS variable to Cache-Control: max-age=604800, Age: 100.

The order in which the different headers are provided into the variable DAST_API_REQUEST_HEADERS does not affect the result. Setting DAST_API_REQUEST_HEADERS to Cache-Control: max-age=604800, Age: 100 produces the same result as setting it to Age: 100, Cache-Control: max-age=604800.

Base64

The DAST_API_REQUEST_HEADERS_BASE64 variable accepts the same list of headers as DAST_API_REQUEST_HEADERS, with the only difference that the entire value of the variable must be Base64-encoded. For example, to set DAST_API_REQUEST_HEADERS_BASE64 variable to Authorization: QmVhcmVyIFRPS0VO, Cache-control: bm8tY2FjaGU=, ensure you convert the list to its Base64 equivalent: QXV0aG9yaXphdGlvbjogUW1WaGNtVnlJRlJQUzBWTywgQ2FjaGUtY29udHJvbDogYm04dFkyRmphR1U9, and the Base64-encoded value must be used. This is useful when storing secret header values in a masked variable, which has character set restrictions.

WARNING: Base64 is used to support the masked variable feature. Base64 encoding is not by itself a security measure, because sensitive values can be easily decoded.

Example: Adding a list of headers on each request using plain text

In the following example of a .gitlab-ci.yml, DAST_API_REQUEST_HEADERS configuration variable is set to provide two header values as explained in request headers.

stages:
  - dast

include:
  - template: DAST-API.gitlab-ci.yml

variables:
  DAST_API_PROFILE: Quick
  DAST_API_OPENAPI: test-api-specification.json
  DAST_API_TARGET_URL: http://test-deployment/
  DAST_API_REQUEST_HEADERS: 'Cache-control: no-cache, Save-Data: on'

Example: Using a masked CI/CD variable

The following .gitlab-ci.yml sample assumes the masked variable SECRET_REQUEST_HEADERS_BASE64 is defined as a group or instance level CI/CD variable defined in the UI. The value of SECRET_REQUEST_HEADERS_BASE64 is set to WC1BQ01FLVNlY3JldDogc31jcnt0ISwgWC1BQ01FLVRva2VuOiA3MDVkMTZmNWUzZmI=, which is the Base64-encoded text version of X-ACME-Secret: s3cr3t!, X-ACME-Token: 705d16f5e3fb. Then, it can be used as follows:

stages:
  - dast

include:
  - template: DAST-API.gitlab-ci.yml

variables:
  DAST_API_PROFILE: Quick
  DAST_API_OPENAPI: test-api-specification.json
  DAST_API_TARGET_URL: http://test-deployment/
  DAST_API_REQUEST_HEADERS_BASE64: $SECRET_REQUEST_HEADERS_BASE64

Consider using DAST_API_REQUEST_HEADERS_BASE64 when storing secret header values in a masked variable, which has character set restrictions.

Exclude Paths

Introduced in GitLab 14.0.

When testing an API it can be useful to exclude certain paths. For example, you might exclude testing of an authentication service or an older version of the API. To exclude paths, use the DAST_API_EXCLUDE_PATHS CI/CD variable . This variable is specified in your .gitlab-ci.yml file. To exclude multiple paths, separate entries using the ; character. In the provided paths you can use a single character wildcard ? and * for a multiple character wildcard.

To verify the paths are excluded, review the Tested Operations and Excluded Operations portion of the job output. You should not see any excluded paths listed under Tested Operations.

2021-05-27 21:51:08 [INF] DAST API: --[ Tested Operations ]-------------------------
2021-05-27 21:51:08 [INF] DAST API: 201 POST http://target:7777/api/users CREATED
2021-05-27 21:51:08 [INF] DAST API: ------------------------------------------------
2021-05-27 21:51:08 [INF] DAST API: --[ Excluded Operations ]-----------------------
2021-05-27 21:51:08 [INF] DAST API: GET http://target:7777/api/messages
2021-05-27 21:51:08 [INF] DAST API: POST http://target:7777/api/messages
2021-05-27 21:51:08 [INF] DAST API: ------------------------------------------------

Examples

This example excludes the /auth resource. This does not exclude child resources (/auth/child).

variables:
  DAST_API_EXCLUDE_PATHS: /auth

To exclude /auth, and child resources (/auth/child), we use a wildcard.

variables:
  DAST_API_EXCLUDE_PATHS: /auth*

To exclude multiple paths we use the ; character. In this example we exclude /auth* and /v1/*.

variables:
  DAST_API_EXCLUDE_PATHS: /auth*;/v1/*

To exclude one or more nested levels within a path we use **. In this example we are testing API endpoints. We are testing /api/v1/ and /api/v2/ of a data query requesting mass, brightness and coordinates data for planet, moon, star, and satellite objects. Example paths that could be scanned include, but are not limited to:

• /api/v2/planet/coordinates
• /api/v1/star/mass
• /api/v2/satellite/brightness

In this example we test the brightness endpoint only:

variables:
  DAST_API_EXCLUDE_PATHS: /api/**/mass;/api/**/coordinates

Exclude parameters

Introduced in GitLab 14.10.

While testing an API you may might want to exclude a parameter (query string, header, or body element) from testing. This may be needed because a parameter always causes a failure, slows down testing, or for other reasons. To exclude parameters, you can set one of the following variables: DAST_API_EXCLUDE_PARAMETER_ENV or DAST_API_EXCLUDE_PARAMETER_FILE.

The DAST_API_EXCLUDE_PARAMETER_ENV allows providing a JSON string containing excluded parameters. This is a good option if the JSON is short and does not change often. Another option is the variable DAST_API_EXCLUDE_PARAMETER_FILE. This variable is set to a file path that can be checked into the repository, created by another job as an artifact, or generated at runtime with a pre-script using DAST_API_PRE_SCRIPT.

Exclude parameters using a JSON document

The JSON document contains a JSON object, this object uses specific properties to identify which parameter should be excluded. You can provide the following properties to exclude specific parameters during the scanning process:

• headers: Use this property to exclude specific headers. The property's value is an array of header names to be excluded. Names are case-insensitive.
• cookies: Use this property's value to exclude specific cookies. The property's value is an array of cookie names to be excluded. Names are case-sensitive.
• query: Use this property to exclude specific fields from the query string. The property's value is an array of field names from the query string to be excluded. Names are case-sensitive.
• body-form: Use this property to exclude specific fields from a request that uses the media type application/x-www-form-urlencoded. The property's value is an array of the field names from the body to be excluded. Names are case-sensitive.
• body-json: Use this property to exclude specific JSON nodes from a request that uses the media type application/json. The property's value is an array, each entry of the array is a JSON Path expression.
• body-xml: Use this property to exclude specific XML nodes from a request that uses media type application/xml. The property's value is an array, each entry of the array is a XPath v2 expression.

Thus, the following JSON document is an example of the expected structure to exclude parameters.

{
  "headers": [
    "header1",
    "header2"
  ],
  "cookies": [
    "cookie1",
    "cookie2"
  ],
  "query": [
    "query-string1",
    "query-string2"
  ],
  "body-form": [
    "form-param1",
    "form-param2"
  ],
  "body-json": [
    "json-path-expression-1",
    "json-path-expression-2"
  ],
  "body-xml" : [
    "xpath-expression-1",
    "xpath-expression-2"
  ]
}

Examples

Excluding a single header

To exclude the header Upgrade-Insecure-Requests, set the header property's value to an array with the header name: [ "Upgrade-Insecure-Requests" ]. For instance, the JSON document looks like this:

{
  "headers": [ "Upgrade-Insecure-Requests" ]
}

Header names are case-insensitive, so the header name UPGRADE-INSECURE-REQUESTS is equivalent to Upgrade-Insecure-Requests.

Excluding both a header and two cookies

To exclude the header Authorization, and the cookies PHPSESSID and csrftoken, set the headers property's value to an array with header name [ "Authorization" ] and the cookies property's value to an array with the cookies' names [ "PHPSESSID", "csrftoken" ]. For instance, the JSON document looks like this:

{
  "headers": [ "Authorization" ],
  "cookies": [ "PHPSESSID", "csrftoken" ]
}

Excluding a body-form parameter

To exclude the password field in a request that uses application/x-www-form-urlencoded, set the body-form property's value to an array with the field name [ "password" ]. For instance, the JSON document looks like this:

{
  "body-form":  [ "password" ]
}

The exclude parameters uses body-form when the request uses a content type application/x-www-form-urlencoded.

Excluding a specific JSON nodes using JSON Path

To exclude the schema property in the root object, set the body-json property's value to an array with the JSON Path expression [ "$.schema" ].

The JSON Path expression uses special syntax to identify JSON nodes: $ refers to the root of the JSON document, . refers to the current object (in our case the root object), and the text schema refers to a property name. Thus, the JSON path expression $.schema refers to a property schema in the root object. For instance, the JSON document looks like this:

{
  "body-json": [ "$.schema" ]
}

The exclude parameters uses body-json when the request uses a content type application/json. Each entry in body-json is expected to be a JSON Path expression. In JSON Path characters like $, *, . among others have special meaning.

Excluding multiple JSON nodes using JSON Path

To exclude the property password on each entry of an array of users at the root level, set the body-json property's value to an array with the JSON Path expression [ "$.users[*].paswword" ].

The JSON Path expression starts with $ to refer to the root node and uses . to refer to the current node. Then, it uses users to refer to a property and the characters [ and ] to enclose the index in the array you want to use, instead of providing a number as an index you use * to specify any index. After the index reference, we find . which now refers to any given selected index in the array, preceded by a property name password.

For instance, the JSON document looks like this:

{
  "body-json": [ "$.users[*].paswword" ]
}

The exclude parameters uses body-json when the request uses a content type application/json. Each entry in body-json is expected to be a JSON Path expression. In JSON Path characters like $, *, . among others have special meaning.

Excluding a XML attribute

To exclude an attribute named isEnabled located in the root element credentials, set the body-xml property's value to an array with the XPath expression [ "/credentials/@isEnabled" ].

The XPath expression /credentials/@isEnabled, starts with / to indicate the root of the XML document, then it is followed by the word credentials which indicates the name of the element to match. It uses a / to refer to a node of the previous XML element, and the character @ to indicate that the name isEnable is an attribute.

For instance, the JSON document looks like this:

{
  "body-xml": [
    "/credentials/@isEnabled"
  ]
}

The exclude parameters uses body-xml when the request uses a content type application/xml. Each entry in body-xml is expected to be a XPath v2 expression. In XPath expressions characters like @, /, :, [, ] among others have special meanings.

Excluding a XML text's element

To exclude the text of the username element contained in root node credentials, set the body-xml property's value to an array with the XPath expression [/credentials/username/text()" ].

In the XPath expression /credentials/username/text(), the first character / refers to the root XML node, and then after it indicates an XML element's name credentials. Similarly, the character / refers to the current element, followed by a new XML element's name username. Last part has a / that refers to the current element, and uses a XPath function called text() which identifies the text of the current element.

For instance, the JSON document looks like this:

{
  "body-xml": [
    "/credentials/username/text()"
  ]
}

The exclude parameters uses body-xml when the request uses a content type application/xml. Each entry in body-xml is expected to be a XPath v2 expression. In XPath expressions characters like @, /, :, [, ] among others have special meanings.

Excluding an XML element

To exclude the element username contained in root node credentials, set the body-xml property's value to an array with the XPath expression [/credentials/username" ].

In the XPath expression /credentials/username, the first character / refers to the root XML node, and then after it indicates an XML element's name credentials. Similarly, the character / refers to the current element, followed by a new XML element's name username.

For instance, the JSON document looks like this:

{
  "body-xml": [
    "/credentials/username"
  ]
}

The exclude parameters uses body-xml when the request uses a content type application/xml. Each entry in body-xml is expected to be a XPath v2 expression. In XPath expressions characters like @, /, :, [, ] among others have special meanings.

Excluding an XML node with namespaces

To exclude anXML element login which is defined in namespace s, and contained in credentials root node, set the body-xml property's value to an array with the XPath expression [ "/credentials/s:login" ].

In the XPath expression /credentials/s:login, the first character / refers to the root XML node, and then after it indicates an XML element's name credentials. Similarly, the character / refers to the current element, followed by a new XML element's name s:login. Notice that name contains the character :, this character separates the namespace from the node name.

The namespace name should have been defined in the XML document which is part of the body request. You may check the namespace in the specification document HAR, OpenAPI, or Postman Collection file.

{
  "body-xml": [
    "/credentials/s:login"
  ]
}

The exclude parameters uses body-xml when the request uses a content type application/xml. Each entry in body-xml is expected to be an XPath v2 expression. In XPath, expressions characters like @, /, :, [, ] among others have special meanings.

Using a JSON string

To provide the exclusion JSON document set the variable DAST_API_EXCLUDE_PARAMETER_ENV with the JSON string. In the following example, the .gitlab-ci.yml, the DAST_API_EXCLUDE_PARAMETER_ENV variable is set to a JSON string:

stages:
  - dast

include:
  - template: DAST-API.gitlab-ci.yml

variables:
  DAST_API_PROFILE: Quick
  DAST_API_OPENAPI: test-api-specification.json
  DAST_API_TARGET_URL: http://test-deployment/
  DAST_API_EXCLUDE_PARAMETER_ENV: '{ "headers": [ "Upgrade-Insecure-Requests" ] }'

Using a file

To provide the exclusion JSON document set the variable DAST_API_EXCLUDE_PARAMETER_FILE with the JSON file path. The file path is relative to the job current working directory. In the following example .gitlab-ci.yml content, the DAST_API_EXCLUDE_PARAMETER_FILE variable is set to a JSON file path:

stages:
  - dast

include:
  - template: DAST-API.gitlab-ci.yml

variables:
  DAST_API_PROFILE: Quick
  DAST_API_OPENAPI: test-api-specification.json
  DAST_API_TARGET_URL: http://test-deployment/
  DAST_API_EXCLUDE_PARAMETER_FILE: dast-api-exclude-parameters.json

The dast-api-exclude-parameters.json is a JSON document that follows the structure of exclude parameters document.

Exclude URLs

Introduced in GitLab 14.10.

As an alternative to excluding by paths, you can filter by any other component in the URL by using the DAST_API_EXCLUDE_URLS CI/CD variable. This variable can be set in your .gitlab-ci.yml file. The variable can store multiple values, separated by commas (,). Each value is a regular expression. Because each entry is a regular expression, an entry like .* excludes all URLs because it is a regular expression that matches everything.

In your job output you can check if any URLs matched any provided regular expression from DAST_API_EXCLUDE_URLS. Matching operations are listed in the Excluded Operations section. Operations listed in the Excluded Operations should not be listed in the Tested Operations section. For example the following portion of a job output:

2021-05-27 21:51:08 [INF] DAST API: --[ Tested Operations ]-------------------------
2021-05-27 21:51:08 [INF] DAST API: 201 POST http://target:7777/api/users CREATED
2021-05-27 21:51:08 [INF] DAST API: ------------------------------------------------
2021-05-27 21:51:08 [INF] DAST API: --[ Excluded Operations ]-----------------------
2021-05-27 21:51:08 [INF] DAST API: GET http://target:7777/api/messages
2021-05-27 21:51:08 [INF] DAST API: POST http://target:7777/api/messages
2021-05-27 21:51:08 [INF] DAST API: ------------------------------------------------

NOTE: Each value in DAST_API_EXCLUDE_URLS is a regular expression. Characters such as . , * and $ among many others have special meanings in regular expressions.

Examples

Excluding a URL and child resources

The following example excludes the URL http://target/api/auth and its child resources.

stages:
  - dast

include:
  - template: DAST-API.gitlab-ci.yml

variables:
  DAST_API_TARGET_URL: http://target/
  DAST_API_OPENAPI: test-api-specification.json
  DAST_API_EXCLUDE_URLS: http://target/api/auth

Excluding two URLs and allow their child resources

To exclude the URLs http://target/api/buy and http://target/api/sell but allowing to scan their child resources, for instance: http://target/api/buy/toy or http://target/api/sell/chair. You could use the value http://target/api/buy/$,http://target/api/sell/$. This value is using two regular expressions, each of them separated by a , character. Hence, it contains http://target/api/buy$ and http://target/api/sell$. In each regular expression, the trailing $ character points out where the matching URL should end.

stages:
  - dast

include:
  - template: DAST-API.gitlab-ci.yml

variables:
  DAST_API_TARGET_URL: http://target/
  DAST_API_OPENAPI: test-api-specification.json
  DAST_API_EXCLUDE_URLS: http://target/api/buy/$,http://target/api/sell/$

Excluding two URLs and their child resources

To exclude the URLs: http://target/api/buy and http://target/api/sell, and their child resources. To provide multiple URLs we use the , character as follows:

stages:
  - dast

include:
  - template: DAST-API.gitlab-ci.yml

variables:
  DAST_API_TARGET_URL: http://target/
  DAST_API_OPENAPI: test-api-specification.json
  DAST_API_EXCLUDE_URLS: http://target/api/buy,http://target/api/sell

Excluding URL using regular expressions

To exclude exactly https://target/api/v1/user/create and https://target/api/v2/user/create or any other version (v3,v4, and more). We could use https://target/api/v.*/user/create$, in the previous regular expression . indicates any character and * indicates zero or more times, additionally $ indicates that the URL should end there.

stages:
  - dast

include:
  - template: DAST-API.gitlab-ci.yml

variables:
  DAST_API_TARGET_URL: http://target/
  DAST_API_OPENAPI: test-api-specification.json
  DAST_API_EXCLUDE_URLS: https://target/api/v.*/user/create$

Running your first scan

When configured correctly, a CI/CD pipeline contains a dast stage and an dast_api job. The job only fails when an invalid configuration is provided. During typical operation, the job always succeeds even if vulnerabilities are identified during testing.

Vulnerabilities are displayed on the Security pipeline tab with the suite name. When testing against the repositories default branch, the DAST API vulnerabilities are also shown on the Security and Compliance's Vulnerability Report page.

To prevent an excessive number of reported vulnerabilities, the DAST API scanner limits the number of vulnerabilities it reports per operation.

Viewing DAST API vulnerabilities

The DAST API analyzer produces a JSON report that is collected and used to populate the vulnerabilities into GitLab vulnerability screens.

See handling false positives for information about configuration changes you can make to limit the number of false positives reported.

View details of a DAST API vulnerability

Follow these steps to view details of a vulnerability:

1. You can view vulnerabilities in a project, or a merge request:

   • In a project, go to the project's Secure > Vulnerability report page. This page shows all vulnerabilities from the default branch only.
   • In a merge request, go the merge request's Security section and select the Expand button. DAST API vulnerabilities are available in a section labeled DAST detected N potential vulnerabilities. Select the title to display the vulnerability details.

2. Select the vulnerabilities title to display the details. The table below describes these details.

   Field	Description
   Description	Description of the vulnerability including what was modified.
   Project	Namespace and project in which the vulnerability was detected.
   Method	HTTP method used to detect the vulnerability.
   URL	URL at which the vulnerability was detected.
   Request	The HTTP request that caused the vulnerability.
   Unmodified Response	Response from an unmodified request. This is what a typical working response looks like.
   Actual Response	Response received from test request.
   Evidence	How we determined a vulnerability occurred.
   Identifiers	The DAST API check used to find this vulnerability.
   Severity	Severity of the vulnerability.
   Scanner Type	Scanner used to perform testing.

Security Dashboard

The Security Dashboard is a good place to get an overview of all the security vulnerabilities in your groups, projects and pipelines. For more information, see the Security Dashboard documentation.

Interacting with the vulnerabilities

Once a vulnerability is found, you can interact with it. Read more on how to address the vulnerabilities.

Handling False Positives

False positives can be handled in several ways:

• Dismiss the vulnerability.
• Some checks have several methods of detecting when a vulnerability is identified, called Assertions. Assertions can also be turned off and configured. For example, the DAST API scanner by default uses HTTP status codes to help identify when something is a real issue. If an API returns a 500 error during testing, this creates a vulnerability. This isn't always desired, as some frameworks return 500 errors often.
• Turn off the Check producing the false positive. This prevents the check from generating any vulnerabilities. Example checks are the SQL Injection Check, and JSON Hijacking Check.

Turn off a Check

Checks perform testing of a specific type and can be turned on and off for specific configuration profiles. The provided configuration files define several profiles that you can use. The profile definition in the configuration file lists all the checks that are active during a scan. To turn off a specific check, remove it from the profile definition in the configuration file. The profiles are defined in the Profiles section of the configuration file.

Example profile definition:

Profiles:
  - Name: Quick
    DefaultProfile: Empty
    Routes:
      - Route: *Route0
        Checks:
          - Name: ApplicationInformationCheck
          - Name: CleartextAuthenticationCheck
          - Name: FrameworkDebugModeCheck
          - Name: HtmlInjectionCheck
          - Name: InsecureHttpMethodsCheck
          - Name: JsonHijackingCheck
          - Name: JsonInjectionCheck
          - Name: SensitiveInformationCheck
          - Name: SessionCookieCheck
          - Name: SqlInjectionCheck
          - Name: TokenCheck
          - Name: XmlInjectionCheck

To turn off the JSON Hijacking Check you can remove these lines:

          - Name: JsonHijackingCheck

This results in the following YAML:

- Name: Quick
  DefaultProfile: Empty
  Routes:
    - Route: *Route0
      Checks:
        - Name: ApplicationInformationCheck
        - Name: CleartextAuthenticationCheck
        - Name: FrameworkDebugModeCheck
        - Name: HtmlInjectionCheck
        - Name: InsecureHttpMethodsCheck
        - Name: JsonInjectionCheck
        - Name: SensitiveInformationCheck
        - Name: SessionCookieCheck
        - Name: SqlInjectionCheck
        - Name: TokenCheck
        - Name: XmlInjectionCheck

Turn off an Assertion for a Check

Assertions detect vulnerabilities in tests produced by checks. Many checks support multiple Assertions such as Log Analysis, Response Analysis, and Status Code. When a vulnerability is found, the Assertion used is provided. To identify which Assertions are on by default, see the Checks default configuration in the configuration file. The section is called Checks.

This example shows the SQL Injection Check:

- Name: SqlInjectionCheck
  Configuration:
    UserInjections: []
  Assertions:
    - Name: LogAnalysisAssertion
    - Name: ResponseAnalysisAssertion
    - Name: StatusCodeAssertion

Here you can see three Assertions are on by default. A common source of false positives is StatusCodeAssertion. To turn it off, modify its configuration in the Profiles section. This example provides only the other two Assertions (LogAnalysisAssertion, ResponseAnalysisAssertion). This prevents SqlInjectionCheck from using StatusCodeAssertion:

Profiles:
  - Name: Quick
    DefaultProfile: Empty
    Routes:
      - Route: *Route0
        Checks:
          - Name: ApplicationInformationCheck
          - Name: CleartextAuthenticationCheck
          - Name: FrameworkDebugModeCheck
          - Name: HtmlInjectionCheck
          - Name: InsecureHttpMethodsCheck
          - Name: JsonHijackingCheck
          - Name: JsonInjectionCheck
          - Name: SensitiveInformationCheck
          - Name: SessionCookieCheck
          - Name: SqlInjectionCheck
            Assertions:
              - Name: LogAnalysisAssertion
              - Name: ResponseAnalysisAssertion
          - Name: TokenCheck
          - Name: XmlInjectionCheck

Running DAST API in an offline environment

For self-managed GitLab instances in an environment with limited, restricted, or intermittent access to external resources through the internet, some adjustments are required for the DAST API testing job to successfully run.

Steps:

1. Host the Docker image in a local container registry.
2. Set the SECURE_ANALYZERS_PREFIX to the local container registry.

The Docker image for DAST API must be pulled (downloaded) from the public registry and then pushed (imported) into a local registry. The GitLab container registry can be used to locally host the Docker image. This process can be performed using a special template. See loading Docker images onto your offline host for instructions.

Once the Docker image is hosted locally, the SECURE_ANALYZERS_PREFIX variable is set with the location of the local registry. The variable must be set such that concatenating /api-security:2 results in a valid image location.

NOTE: DAST API and API Fuzzing both use the same underlying Docker image api-security:2.

For example, the below line sets a registry for the image registry.gitlab.com/security-products/api-security:2:

SECURE_ANALYZERS_PREFIX: "registry.gitlab.com/security-products"

NOTE: Setting SECURE_ANALYZERS_PREFIX changes the Docker image registry location for all GitLab Secure templates.

For more information, see Offline environments.

Performance tuning and testing speed

Security tools that perform dynamic analysis testing, such as DAST API, perform testing by sending requests to an instance of your running application. The requests are engineered to test for specific vulnerabilities that might exist in your application. The speed of a dynamic analysis test depends on the following:

• How many requests per second can be sent to your application by our tooling
• How fast your application responds to requests
• How many requests must be sent to test the application
  • How many operations your API is comprised of
  • How many fields are in each operation (think JSON bodies, headers, query string, cookies, etc.)

If the DAST API testing job still takes longer than expected reach after following the advice in this performance guide, reach out to support for further assistance.

Diagnosing performance issues

The first step to resolving performance issues is to understand what is contributing to the slower-than-expected testing time. Some common issues we see are:

• DAST API is running on a slow or single-CPU GitLab Runner (GitLab Shared Runners are single-CPU)
• The application deployed to a slow/single-CPU instance and is not able to keep up with the testing load
• The application contains a slow operation that impacts the overall test speed (> 1/2 second)
• The application contains an operation that returns a large amount of data (> 500K+)
• The application contains a large number of operations (> 40)

The application contains a slow operation that impacts the overall test speed (> 1/2 second)

The DAST API job output contains helpful information about how fast we are testing, how fast each operation being tested responds, and summary information. Let's take a look at some sample output to see how it can be used in tracking down performance issues:

DAST API: Loaded 10 operations from: assets/har-large-response/large_responses.har
DAST API:
DAST API: Testing operation [1/10]: 'GET http://target:7777/api/large_response_json'.
DAST API:  - Parameters: (Headers: 4, Query: 0, Body: 0)
DAST API:  - Request body size: 0 Bytes (0 bytes)
DAST API:
DAST API: Finished testing operation 'GET http://target:7777/api/large_response_json'.
DAST API:  - Excluded Parameters: (Headers: 0, Query: 0, Body: 0)
DAST API:  - Performed 767 requests
DAST API:  - Average response body size: 130 MB
DAST API:  - Average call time: 2 seconds and 82.69 milliseconds (2.082693 seconds)
DAST API:  - Time to complete: 14 minutes, 8 seconds and 788.36 milliseconds (848.788358 seconds)

This job console output snippet starts by telling us how many operations were found (10), followed by notifications that testing has started on a specific operation and a summary of the operation has been completed. The summary is the most interesting part of this log output. In the summary, we can see that it took DAST API 767 requests to fully test this operation and its related fields. We can also see that the average response time was 2 seconds and the time to complete was 14 minutes for this one operation.

An average response time of 2 seconds is a good initial indicator that this specific operation takes a long time to test. Further, we can see that the response body size is quite large. The large body size is the culprit here, transferring that much data on each request is what takes the majority of that 2 seconds.

For this issue, the team might decide to:

• Use a multi-CPU runner. Using a multi-CPU runner allows DAST API to parallelize the work being performed. This helps lower the test time, but getting the test down under 10 minutes might still be problematic without moving to a high CPU machine due to how long the operation takes to test.
  • Trade off between how many CPUs and cost.
• Exclude this operation from the DAST API test. While this is the simplest, it has the downside of a gap in security test coverage.
• Exclude the operation from feature branch DAST API tests, but include it in the default branch test.
• Split up the DAST API testing into multiple jobs.

The likely solution is to use a combination of these solutions to reach an acceptable test time, assuming your team's requirements are in the 5-7 minute range.

Addressing performance issues

The following sections document various options for addressing performance issues for DAST API:

• Using a multi-CPU Runner
• Excluding slow operations
• Splitting a test into multiple jobs
• Excluding operations in feature branches, but not default branch

Using a multi-CPU Runner

One of the easiest performance boosts can be achieved using a multi-CPU runner with DAST API. This table shows statistics collected during benchmarking of a Java Spring Boot REST API. In this benchmark, the target and DAST API share a single runner instance.

As we can see from this table, increasing the CPU count of the runner can have a large impact on testing speed/performance.

To use a multi-CPU typically requires deploying a self-managed GitLab Runner onto a multi-CPU machine or cloud compute instance.

When multiple types of GitLab Runners are available for use, the various instances are commonly set up with tags that can be used in the job definition to select a type of runner.

Here is an example job definition for DAST API that adds a tags section with the tag multi-cpu. The job automatically extends the job definition included through the DAST API template.

dast_api:
  tags:
  - multi-cpu

To verify that DAST API can detect multiple CPUs in the runner, download the gl-api-security-scanner.log file from a completed job's artifacts. Search the file for the string Starting work item processor and inspect the reported max DOP (degree of parallelism). The max DOP should be greater than or equal to the number of CPUs assigned to the runner. The value is never lower than 2, even on single CPU runners, unless forced through a configuration variable. If the value reported is less than the number of CPUs assigned to the runner, then something is wrong with the runner deployment. If unable to identify the problem, open a ticket with support to assist.

Example log entry:

17:00:01.084 [INF] <Peach.Web.Core.Services.WebRunnerMachine> Starting work item processor with 2 max DOP

Excluding slow operations

In the case of one or two slow operations, the team might decide to skip testing the operations. Excluding the operation is done using the DAST_API_EXCLUDE_PATHS configuration variable as explained in this section.

In this example, we have an operation that returns a large amount of data. The operation is GET http://target:7777/api/large_response_json. To exclude it we provide the DAST_API_EXCLUDE_PATHS configuration variable with the path portion of our operation URL /api/large_response_json.

To verify the operation is excluded, run the DAST API job and review the job console output. It includes a list of included and excluded operations at the end of the test.

dast_api:
  variables:
    DAST_API_EXCLUDE_PATHS: /api/large_response_json

Excluding operations from testing could allow some vulnerabilities to go undetected. {: .alert .alert-warning}

Splitting a test into multiple jobs

Splitting a test into multiple jobs is supported by DAST API through the use of DAST_API_EXCLUDE_PATHS and DAST_API_EXCLUDE_URLS. When splitting a test up, a good pattern is to disable the dast_api job and replace it with two jobs with identifying names. In this example we have two jobs, each job is testing a version of the API, so our names reflect that. However, this technique can be applied to any situation, not just with versions of an API.

The rules we are using in the dast_api_v1 and dast_api_v2 jobs are copied from the DAST API template.

# Disable the main dast_api job
dast_api:
  rules:
  - if: $CI_COMMIT_BRANCH
    when: never

dast_api_v1:
  extends: dast_api
  variables:
    DAST_API_EXCLUDE_PATHS: /api/v1/**
  rules:
  - if: $DAST_API_DISABLED == 'true' || $DAST_API_DISABLED == '1'
    when: never
  - if: $DAST_API_DISABLED_FOR_DEFAULT_BRANCH == 'true' &&
        $CI_DEFAULT_BRANCH == $CI_COMMIT_REF_NAME
    when: never
  - if: $DAST_API_DISABLED_FOR_DEFAULT_BRANCH == '1' &&
        $CI_DEFAULT_BRANCH == $CI_COMMIT_REF_NAME
    when: never
  - if: $CI_COMMIT_BRANCH &&
        $CI_GITLAB_FIPS_MODE == "true"
    variables:
      DAST_API_IMAGE_SUFFIX: "-fips"
  - if: $CI_COMMIT_BRANCH

dast_api_v2:
  variables:
    DAST_API_EXCLUDE_PATHS: /api/v2/**
  rules:
  - if: $DAST_API_DISABLED == 'true' || $DAST_API_DISABLED == '1'
    when: never
  - if: $DAST_API_DISABLED_FOR_DEFAULT_BRANCH == 'true' &&
        $CI_DEFAULT_BRANCH == $CI_COMMIT_REF_NAME
    when: never
  - if: $DAST_API_DISABLED_FOR_DEFAULT_BRANCH == '1' &&
        $CI_DEFAULT_BRANCH == $CI_COMMIT_REF_NAME
    when: never
  - if: $CI_COMMIT_BRANCH &&
        $CI_GITLAB_FIPS_MODE == "true"
    variables:
      DAST_API_IMAGE_SUFFIX: "-fips"
  - if: $CI_COMMIT_BRANCH

Excluding operations in feature branches, but not default branch

In the case of one or two slow operations, the team might decide to skip testing the operations, or exclude them from feature branch tests, but include them for default branch tests. Excluding the operation is done using the DAST_API_EXCLUDE_PATHS configuration variable as explained in this section.

In this example, we have an operation that returns a large amount of data. The operation is GET http://target:7777/api/large_response_json. To exclude it we provide the DAST_API_EXCLUDE_PATHS configuration variable with the path portion of our operation URL /api/large_response_json. Our configuration disables the main dast_api job and creates two new jobs dast_api_main and dast_api_branch. The dast_api_branch is set up to exclude the long operation and only run on non-default branches (for example, feature branches). The dast_api_main branch is set up to only execute on the default branch (main in this example). The dast_api_branch jobs run faster, allowing for quick development cycles, while the dast_api_main job which only runs on default branch builds, takes longer to run.

To verify the operation is excluded, run the DAST API job and review the job console output. It includes a list of included and excluded operations at the end of the test.

# Disable the main job so we can create two jobs with
# different names
dast_api:
  rules:
  - if: $CI_COMMIT_BRANCH
    when: never

# DAST API for feature branch work, excludes /api/large_response_json
dast_api_branch:
  extends: dast_api
  variables:
    DAST_API_EXCLUDE_PATHS: /api/large_response_json
  rules:
  - if: $DAST_API_DISABLED == 'true' || $DAST_API_DISABLED == '1'
    when: never
  - if: $DAST_API_DISABLED_FOR_DEFAULT_BRANCH == 'true' &&
        $CI_DEFAULT_BRANCH == $CI_COMMIT_REF_NAME
    when: never
  - if: $DAST_API_DISABLED_FOR_DEFAULT_BRANCH == '1' &&
        $CI_DEFAULT_BRANCH == $CI_COMMIT_REF_NAME
    when: never
  - if: $CI_COMMIT_BRANCH &&
        $CI_GITLAB_FIPS_MODE == "true"
    variables:
      DAST_API_IMAGE_SUFFIX: "-fips"
  - if: $CI_COMMIT_BRANCH == $CI_DEFAULT_BRANCH
    when: never
  - if: $CI_COMMIT_BRANCH

# DAST API for default branch (main in our case)
# Includes the long running operations
dast_api_main:
  extends: dast_api
  rules:
  - if: $DAST_API_DISABLED == 'true' || $DAST_API_DISABLED == '1'
    when: never
  - if: $DAST_API_DISABLED_FOR_DEFAULT_BRANCH == 'true' &&
        $CI_DEFAULT_BRANCH == $CI_COMMIT_REF_NAME
    when: never
  - if: $DAST_API_DISABLED_FOR_DEFAULT_BRANCH == '1' &&
        $CI_DEFAULT_BRANCH == $CI_COMMIT_REF_NAME
    when: never
  - if: $CI_COMMIT_BRANCH &&
        $CI_GITLAB_FIPS_MODE == "true"
    variables:
      DAST_API_IMAGE_SUFFIX: "-fips"
  - if: $CI_COMMIT_BRANCH == $CI_DEFAULT_BRANCH

Troubleshooting

DAST API job times out after N hours

The top two reasons for the DAST API job timing out are slow operations (> 1 second) and using a single-CPU runner for DAST API (GitLab shared runners are single-CPU). Before you can diagnose the problem further, the job must complete so the output can be analyzed. We recommend to start with a multi-CPU runner first, then exclude portions of your API operations until the job completes and the output can be further reviewed.

See the following documentation sections for assistance:

• Performance tuning and testing speed
• Using a multi-CPU Runner
• Excluding operations by path
• Excluding slow operations

DAST API job takes too long to complete

See Performance Tuning and Testing Speed

Error: Error waiting for DAST API 'http://127.0.0.1:5000' to become available

A bug exists in versions of the DAST API analyzer prior to v1.6.196 that can cause a background process to fail under certain conditions. The solution is to update to a newer version of the DAST API analyzer.

The version information can be found in the job details for the dast_api job.

If the issue is occurring with versions v1.6.196 or greater, contact Support and provide the following information:

1. Reference this troubleshooting section and ask for the issue to be escalated to the Dynamic Analysis Team.
2. The full console output of the job.
3. The gl-api-security-scanner.log file available as a job artifact. In the right-hand panel of the job details page, select the Browse button.
4. The dast_api job definition from your .gitlab-ci.yml file.

Error message

• In GitLab 15.6 and later, Error waiting for DAST API 'http://127.0.0.1:5000' to become available
• In GitLab 15.5 and earlier, Error waiting for API Security 'http://127.0.0.1:5000' to become available.

Failed to start scanner session (version header not found)

The DAST API engine outputs an error message when it cannot establish a connection with the scanner application component. The error message is shown in the job output window of the dast_api job. A common cause of this issue is changing the DAST_API_API variable from its default.

Error message

• In GitLab 13.11 and later, Failed to start scanner session (version header not found).
• In GitLab 13.10 and earlier, API Security version header not found. Are you sure that you are connecting to the DAST API server?.

Solution

• Remove the DAST_API_API variable from the .gitlab-ci.yml file. The value inherits from the DAST API CI/CD template. We recommend this method instead of manually setting a value.
• If removing the variable is not possible, check to see if this value has changed in the latest version of the DAST API CI/CD template. If so, update the value in the .gitlab-ci.yml file.

Failed to start session with scanner. Please retry, and if the problem persists reach out to support.

The DAST API engine outputs an error message when it cannot establish a connection with the scanner application component. The error message is shown in the job output window of the dast_api job. A common cause for this issue is that the background component cannot use the selected port as it's already in use. This error can occur intermittently if timing plays a part (race condition). This issue occurs most often with Kubernetes environments when other services are mapped into the container causing port conflicts.

Before proceeding with a solution, it is important to confirm that the error message was produced because the port was already taken. To confirm this was the cause:

1. Go to the job console.

2. Look for the artifact gl-api-security-scanner.log. You can either download all artifacts by selecting Download and then search for the file, or directly start searching by selecting Browse.

3. Open the file gl-api-security-scanner.log in a text editor.

4. If the error message was produced because the port was already taken, you should see in the file a message like the following:

• In GitLab 15.5 and later:

  Failed to bind to address http://127.0.0.1:5500: address already in use.

• In GitLab 15.4 and earlier:

  Failed to bind to address http://[::]:5000: address already in use.

The text http://[::]:5000 in the previous message could be different in your case, for instance it could be http://[::]:5500 or http://127.0.0.1:5500. As long as the remaining parts of the error message are the same, it is safe to assume the port was already taken.

If you did not find evidence that the port was already taken, check other troubleshooting sections which also address the same error message shown in the job console output. If there are no more options, feel free to get support or request an improvement through the proper channels.

Once you have confirmed the issue was produced because the port was already taken. Then, GitLab 15.5 and later introduced the configuration variable DAST_API_API_PORT. This configuration variable allows setting a fixed port number for the scanner background component.

Solution

1. Ensure your .gitlab-ci.yml file defines the configuration variable DAST_API_API_PORT.
2. Update the value of DAST_API_API_PORT to any available port number greater than 1024. We recommend checking that the new value is not in used by GitLab. See the full list of ports used by GitLab in Package defaults

Application cannot determine the base URL for the target API

The DAST API engine outputs an error message when it cannot determine the target API after inspecting the OpenAPI document. This error message is shown when the target API has not been set in the .gitlab-ci.yml file, it is not available in the environment_url.txt file, and it could not be computed using the OpenAPI document.

There is a order of precedence in which the DAST API engine tries to get the target API when checking the different sources. First, it tries to use the DAST_API_TARGET_URL. If the environment variable has not been set, then the DAST API engine attempts to use the environment_url.txt file. If there is no file environment_url.txt, then the DAST API engine uses the OpenAPI document contents and the URL provided in DAST_API_OPENAPI (if a URL is provided) to try to compute the target API.

The best-suited solution depends on whether or not your target API changes for each deployment. In static environments, the target API is the same for each deployment, in this case refer to the static environment solution. If the target API changes for each deployment a dynamic environment solution should be applied.

Static environment solution

This solution is for pipelines in which the target API URL doesn't change (is static).

Add environmental variable

For environments where the target API remains the same, we recommend you specify the target URL by using the DAST_API_TARGET_URL environment variable. In your .gitlab-ci.yml, add a variable DAST_API_TARGET_URL. The variable must be set to the base URL of API testing target. For example:

stages:
  - dast

include:
  - template: DAST-API.gitlab-ci.yml

variables:
  DAST_API_TARGET_URL: http://test-deployment/
  DAST_API_OPENAPI: test-api-specification.json

Dynamic environment solutions

In a dynamic environment your target API changes for each different deployment. In this case, there is more than one possible solution, we recommend you use the environment_url.txt file when dealing with dynamic environments.

Use environment_url.txt

To support dynamic environments in which the target API URL changes during each pipeline, DAST API engine supports the use of an environment_url.txt file that contains the URL to use. This file is not checked into the repository, instead it's created during the pipeline by the job that deploys the test target and collected as an artifact that can be used by later jobs in the pipeline. The job that creates the environment_url.txt file must run before the DAST API engine job.

1. Modify the test target deployment job adding the base URL in an environment_url.txt file at the root of your project.
2. Modify the test target deployment job collecting the environment_url.txt as an artifact.

Example:

deploy-test-target:
  script:
    # Perform deployment steps
    # Create environment_url.txt (example)
    - echo http://${CI_PROJECT_ID}-${CI_ENVIRONMENT_SLUG}.example.org > environment_url.txt

  artifacts:
    paths:
      - environment_url.txt

Use OpenAPI with an invalid schema

There are cases where the document is autogenerated with an invalid schema or cannot be edited manually in a timely manner. In those scenarios, the DAST API is able to perform a relaxed validation by setting the variable DAST_API_OPENAPI_RELAXED_VALIDATION. We recommend providing a fully compliant OpenAPI document to prevent unexpected behaviors.

Edit a non-compliant OpenAPI file

To detect and correct elements that don't comply with the OpenAPI specifications, we recommend using an editor. An editor commonly provides document validation, and suggestions to create a schema-compliant OpenAPI document. Suggested editors include:

If your OpenAPI document is generated manually, load your document in the editor and fix anything that is non-compliant. If your document is generated automatically, load it in your editor to identify the issues in the schema, then go to the application and perform the corrections based on the framework you are using.

Enable OpenAPI relaxed validation

Relaxed validation is meant for cases when the OpenAPI document cannot meet OpenAPI specifications, but it still has enough content to be consumed by different tools. A validation is performed but less strictly in regards to document schema.

DAST API can still try to consume an OpenAPI document that does not fully comply with OpenAPI specifications. To instruct DAST API to perform a relaxed validation, set the variable DAST_API_OPENAPI_RELAXED_VALIDATION to any value, for example:

stages:
  - dast

include:
  - template: DAST-API.gitlab-ci.yml

variables:
  DAST_API_PROFILE: Quick
  DAST_API_TARGET_URL: http://test-deployment/
  DAST_API_OPENAPI: test-api-specification.json
  DAST_API_OPENAPI_RELAXED_VALIDATION: 'On'

No operation in the OpenAPI document is consuming any supported media type

DAST API uses the specified media types in the OpenAPI document to generate requests. If no request can be created due to the lack of supported media types, then an error is thrown.

Error message

• In GitLab 14.10 and later, Error, no operation in the OpenApi document is consuming any supported media type. Check 'OpenAPI Specification' to check the supported media types.

Solution

1. Review supported media types in the OpenAPI Specification section.
2. Edit your OpenAPI document, allowing at least a given operation to accept any of the supported media types. Alternatively, a supported media type could be set in the OpenAPI document level and get applied to all operations. This step may require changes in your application to ensure the supported media type is accepted by the application.

Error, error occurred trying to download `<URL>`: There was an error when retrieving content from Uri:' <URL>'. Error:The SSL connection could not be established, see inner exception.

DAST API is compatible with a broad range of TLS configurations, including outdated protocols and ciphers. Despite broad support, you might encounter connection errors. This error occurs because DAST API could not establish a secure connection with the server at the given URL.

To resolve the issue:

If the host in the error message supports non-TLS connections, change https:// to http:// in your configuration. For example, if an error occurs with the following configuration:

stages:
  - dast

include:
  - template: DAST-API.gitlab-ci.yml

variables:
  DAST_API_TARGET_URL: https://test-deployment/
  DAST_API_OPENAPI: https://specs/openapi.json

Change the prefix of DAST_API_OPENAPI from https:// to http://:

stages:
  - dast

include:
  - template: DAST-API.gitlab-ci.yml

variables:
  DAST_API_TARGET_URL: https://test-deployment/
  DAST_API_OPENAPI: http://specs/openapi.json

If you cannot use a non-TLS connection to access the URL, contact the Support team for help.

You can expedite the investigation with the testssl.sh tool. From a machine with a bash shell and connectivity to the affected server:

1. Download the latest release zip or tar.gz file and extract from https://github.com/drwetter/testssl.sh/releases.
2. Run ./testssl.sh --log https://specs.
3. Attach the log file to your support ticket.

ERROR: Job failed: failed to pull image

This error message occurs when pulling an image from a container registry that requires authentication to access (it is not public).

In the job console output the error looks like:

Running with gitlab-runner 15.6.0~beta.186.ga889181a (a889181a)
  on blue-2.shared.runners-manager.gitlab.com/default XxUrkriX
Resolving secrets
00:00
Preparing the "docker+machine" executor
00:06
Using Docker executor with image registry.gitlab.com/security-products/api-security:2 ...
Starting service registry.example.com/my-target-app:latest ...
Pulling docker image registry.example.com/my-target-app:latest ...
WARNING: Failed to pull image with policy "always": Error response from daemon: Get https://registry.example.com/my-target-app/manifests/latest: unauthorized (manager.go:237:0s)
ERROR: Job failed: failed to pull image "registry.example.com/my-target-app:latest" with specified policies [always]: Error response from daemon: Get https://registry.example.com/my-target-app/manifests/latest: unauthorized (manager.go:237:0s)

Error message

• In GitLab 15.9 and earlier, ERROR: Job failed: failed to pull image followed by Error response from daemon: Get IMAGE: unauthorized.

Solution

Authentication credentials are provided using the methods outlined in the Access an image from a private container registry documentation section. The method used is dictated by your container registry provider and its configuration. If your using a container registry provided by a 3rd party, such as a cloud provider (Azure, Google Could (GCP), AWS and so on), check the providers documentation for information on how to authenticate to their container registries.

The following example uses the statically defined credentials authentication method. In this example the container registry is registry.example.com and image is my-target-app:latest.

1. Read how to Determine your DOCKER_AUTH_CONFIG data to understand how to compute the variable value for DOCKER_AUTH_CONFIG. The configuration variable DOCKER_AUTH_CONFIG contains the Docker JSON configuration to provide the appropriate authentication information. For example, to access private container registry: registry.example.com with the credentials aGVsbG8gd29ybGQK, the Docker JSON looks like:

   {
       "auths": {
           "registry.example.com": {
               "auth": "aGVsbG8gd29ybGQK"
           }
       }
   }

2. Add the DOCKER_AUTH_CONFIG as a CI/CD variable. Instead of adding the configuration variable directly in your .gitlab-ci.ymlfile you should create a project CI/CD variable.

3. Rerun your job, and the statically-defined credentials are now used to sign in to the private container registry registry.example.com, and let you pull the image my-target-app:latest. If succeeded the job console shows an output like:

   Running with gitlab-runner 15.6.0~beta.186.ga889181a (a889181a)
     on blue-4.shared.runners-manager.gitlab.com/default J2nyww-s
   Resolving secrets
   00:00
   Preparing the "docker+machine" executor
   00:56
   Using Docker executor with image registry.gitlab.com/security-products/api-security:2 ...
   Starting service registry.example.com/my-target-app:latest ...
   Authenticating with credentials from $DOCKER_AUTH_CONFIG
   Pulling docker image registry.example.com/my-target-app:latest ...
   Using docker image sha256:139c39668e5e4417f7d0eb0eeb74145ba862f4f3c24f7c6594ecb2f82dc4ad06 for registry.example.com/my-target-app:latest with digest registry.example.com/my-target-
   app@sha256:2b69fc7c3627dbd0ebaa17674c264fcd2f2ba21ed9552a472acf8b065d39039c ...
   Waiting for services to be up and running (timeout 30 seconds)...

Get support or request an improvement

To get support for your particular problem, use the getting help channels.

The GitLab issue tracker on GitLab.com is the right place for bugs and feature proposals about API Security and DAST API. Use ~"Category:API Security" label when opening a new issue regarding DAST API to ensure it is quickly reviewed by the right people. Refer to our review response SLO to understand when you should receive a response.

Search the issue tracker for similar entries before submitting your own, there's a good chance somebody else had the same issue or feature proposal. Show your support with an emoji reaction or join the discussion.

When experiencing a behavior not working as expected, consider providing contextual information:

• GitLab version if using a self-managed instance.
• .gitlab-ci.yml job definition.
• Full job console output.
• Scanner log file available as a job artifact named gl-api-security-scanner.log.

WARNING: Sanitize data attached to a support issue. Remove sensitive information, including: credentials, passwords, tokens, keys, and secrets.

Glossary

• Assert: Assertions are detection modules used by checks to trigger a vulnerability. Many assertions have configurations. A check can use multiple Assertions. For example, Log Analysis, Response Analysis, and Status Code are common Assertions used together by checks. Checks with multiple Assertions allow them to be turned on and off.
• Check: Performs a specific type of test, or performed a check for a type of vulnerability. For example, the SQL Injection Check performs DAST testing for SQL Injection vulnerabilities. The DAST API scanner is comprised of several checks. Checks can be turned on and off in a profile.
• Profile: A configuration file has one or more testing profiles, or sub-configurations. You may have a profile for feature branches and another with extra testing for a main branch.